Traffic & geos
Tier-2 (T2) traffic
Mid-CPM markets — Western EU, JP, KR, IL.
Tier-2 is the mid-CPM tier in affiliate-marketing convention — Western EU (DE, FR, IT, ES, NL), Japan, Korea, Israel, sometimes Singapore. Lower CPCs than T1, but offer volume is real and CVRs can be higher (less competition). Many big nutra and finance operators run T2 specifically to escape T1 ad-network compliance pressure.
Example
DE/FR weight-loss campaign at $0.09 CPC, 3.2% CVR, €38 AOV — total spend €4k/day, ROAS 2.1×. Same creative unprofitable in the US.